Listeners do hear sounds, not tongues.

Number 999
Year 1996
Drawer 18
Entry Date 07/01/1998
Authors Fowler, Carol A.
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Publication J. Acoust. SOc. Am., 99 (3), March 1996.
url http://www.haskins.yale.edu/Reprints/HL0999.pdf
Abstract The paper first distinguishes the two perceptual theories, the motor theory and the theory of direct perception, that nearly agree in the claim that listeners perceive gestures and consider some experimental evidence in its favor. Finally it addresses evidence and arguments judged by Ohala to disconfirm the theory. The argument is made that most of the evidence put forward by Ohala is irrelevant to a distinction between theories that we perceive acoustic signals and theories that wee perceive gestures. The arguments are inaccurate or highly selective in the data upon which they draw.
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